inner part; inside; interior; depths (e.g. of a forest); back (of a house, drawer, etc.); bottom (e.g. of one's heart)
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
table; chart; list; memorial to an emperor
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
perhaps; probably; generous; many; much
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
shell (of crab, tortoise, etc.); carapace; person's back; years of experience
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
medicine; pharmaceuticals; efficacious chemical (gunpowder, pesticide, etc.); (pottery) glaze; (illegal) drug; narcotic
to lose (something); to mislay; to get rid of; to eliminate; to remove
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
what (e.g. "what rudeness"); what (something) is like
failure; defeat; mistake; unconsciousness
to be sacked; to be fired; to be dismissed; to be beheaded
drop (e.g. of water); drip
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
beyond this point; from now on; after this
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
once; for a short time; briefly; (arch.) one morning
to quiet; to calm down; to compose oneself; to settle down
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to recall; to remember; to recollect
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
in that way; thus; so; so?
talent; gift; function; noh (theatre)
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you