indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
half; semi-; half-past; odd number; (arch.) unit of land area (595.8 m^2)
period of time (usu. a period of approx. two hours corresponding to one of the signs of the Chinese zodiac); carving; engraving; strictness; cruelty
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to come surging (waves, enemy troops, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to repel; to drive away; to repulse; to reject
on the occasion of; at the time of
lord of a manor; estate steward
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
great numbers (of people); numerical superiority; masses; people; folk; clique
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Jurchen pirate tribe who invaded Tsushima in 1019
flag; banner (administrative division of Inner Mongolia)
in accordance with; according to; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
too much; excessively; too
to face (each other); to be facing; to be directed toward (the future, etc.); to be in response to; to receive (a client, etc.); to compare with
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
to gather up; to scrape up together; to rake
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
heigh-ho; heave-ho; alley oop
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
each; (arch.) you (plural)
charge (of something); matter in one's charge; (one's) assignment; (one's) job
baton (of command); order; command; direction
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
gold (Au); golden (color); valuable; of highest value; money; gold coin; Friday
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)