indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
heart; guts; nerve; central part
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to throw; to toss; to hit; to strike; to fire into (e.g. a crowd); to launch (e.g. missiles)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to shoot through something (wall, body, etc.); to pierce (e.g. with an arrow or a look)
don't you think?; indicates question
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
older sister; elder sister
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
curry (esp. Japanese curry); rice and curry
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine