indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
autumn, the harvest season
aroma; fragrance; scent; smell
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
(present) head of a family
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hero; the brave; man of valour (valor)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
humour; humor; safety; health; in a good mood; in high spirits
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
absence; disregard; indifference
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
dissatisfaction; discontent; displeasure; complaint; unhappiness
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
training; drill; practice; discipline
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take; to catch; to capture
pattern; behavioural pattern; behavioral pattern; predictability
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)