indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
special; particular; peculiar; unique
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
observance (of laws, rules, etc.); adherence; obeying; following; abiding by; compliance
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
decision; determination; resolution
to avenge (somebody) by striking down their killer
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
beyond that point; after that
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
while; during; while; although; all; both
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at that time; in those days
desire; wish; request; entreaty; prayer; (written) application
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend