indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
outline; main points; generally; on the whole; general; rough
one tenth; one hundredth; one percent; one tenth of a sun; one quarter ryō (an old coin)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
scene; spectacle; sight; view
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
time after time; countless times; many a time; dozens of times
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
station (esp. a police station); office (e.g. tax office)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
circumstances; conditions; situation; reasons; state of affairs
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
next; hypo- (i.e. containing an element with low valence); order; sequence
last time; last inning; last part; final episode (of a television program)
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
black; black (coffee); without cream or milk; exploitative (esp. of employees); overly harsh; boldface
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
Shōwa era (1926.12.25-1989.1.7); reminiscent of the Shōwa era; Shōwa- nostalgic; old-fashioned