why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the other day; lately; recently
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sports ground; sports oval
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
there; over there; genitals; private parts; that far; that much
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
serious matter; major incident; matter of grave concern; crisis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
possibly; apparently; (seem) likely; somehow or other; with difficulty; barely
misunderstanding; mistaken idea; wrong guess
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
meaning; significance; sense
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly
large number (of); many; majority
guardian; protector; patron; parent
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)