this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to summon; to call (e.g. phone); to convene; to invoke (e.g. subroutine); to call; to open (e.g. a file)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
commandant; commanding officer; general
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
(your) business; (your) concern; (customer's) order; official business (of the government, Imperial Court, etc.); arrest; capture
last week; the week before
capture (of enemy territory); taking (by storm); defeating (an opponent); attacking (a problem) strategically
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition
to change; to alter; to reform; to correct; to examine; to check
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
concrete; definite; specific; material; substantial
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
business; thing to be done; something that should be performed; information that should be conveyed
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
please (give me); please (do for me)
expressly; especially; taking the trouble (to do); intentionally; deliberately
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to have a talk; to tell a story
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to be added to; to be appended; to join in (e.g. a group of friends); to participate; to increase (e.g. heat); to gain in (e.g. influence)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)