indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
composition; piece of music; tune; melody; enjoyment; fun
now; the present time; just now; another; more
by any chance; (should) it happen (that); by some chance
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
luxury; extravagance; to live in luxury; to indulge oneself; lavish (use of something); abundant
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
self-service drink area in a restaurant (incl. soft drinks, coffee, tea, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
you only live once; you only have one life
summer vacation; summer holiday
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
bag; sack; skin of an orange (and other like fruits); dead end; plot of land surrounded by water
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
drop of water; vessel for replenishing inkstone water
to dribble; to spill; to suspend; to hang down; to slouch
acorn barnacle (Balanomorpha spp.)
pictorial book; picture book; illustrated reference book; identification manual; field guide
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
without an occupation; unemployed; jobless
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
too; also; still; as before; even so; either way