indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the four great sages (Buddha, Christ, Confucius, Socrates)
posture; pose; position; attitude; approach; stance
through; throughout; in the course of; all over or throughout (e.g. a place)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
leader; reader; reading book; reader (i.e. someone who reads); microreader; dotted line (in printing)
Vermilion Bird (god said to rule over the southern heavens); seven mansions (Chinese constellations) of the southern heavens
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to jump in; to leap in; to plunge into; to burst in; to barge in
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
disorder; chaos; confusion; mayhem
insect; bug; worm; roundworm; one's emotions; one's feelings; nervousness
flute; fife; pipe; whistle
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
now; the present time; just now; another; more
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to go around; to return; to surround; to concern (usu. of disputes)
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
life or death struggle; mortal combat; struggle to the death
to unfold; to unroll; to open
as was expected; just as one thought; sure enough; really; actually; ever
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to bewilder; to perplex; to puzzle; to tempt; to seduce
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
all; entire; whole; altogether
counterattack; counteroffensive; counterblow
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
to eat; to drink; to receive (e.g. a blow); to be on the receiving end (of something undesirable); to undergo (trouble)
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago