indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to be called; to do
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
cormorant (Phalacrocoracidae spp.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
now; the present time; just now; another; more
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
to attempt; to test; to try out
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
worst; horrible; horrid; in the worst case; if worst comes to worst
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
contract; compact; agreement
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to whisper; to murmur; to rumor; to rumour
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
understanding; comprehension; appreciation; sympathy
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be born; to come into this world
the present year; at that time
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then