indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
older brother; elder brother; brother-in-law (spouse's older brother or older sister's husband)
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
having no choice; at a loss for what to do; at one's wits' end; helpless; powerless
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for; I want (you, them, etc.) to (do)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
order; command; decree; (software) instruction; statement
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
to take back; to get back; to regain; to recover; to restore; to recoup
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
terrible; dreadful; terrifying; surprising; startling; tremendous
about this time; about now
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
with trouble; at great pains; rare; valuable; kind; generous
to strike back at; to bite back; to turn on; to rise against; to oppose; to defy
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
to go; to come; to lose; to be defeated; to be stumped (by); to be at a loss; to visit (a shrine, grave, etc.)
(some) more; even more; longer; further
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; used for soft emphasis or to soften a statement or request; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
to be excited; to be nervous; to be thrilled