indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be temperate in; to refrain; to make notes; to jot down (e.g. phone number); to be in preparation for; to be in waiting for
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
plans; arrangement; schedule; program; programme; expectation
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tightly (packed); densely; closely; crammed
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to be packed (with); to be filled; to be blocked (of a pipe, nose, etc.); to be clogged; to be become shorter; to shrink; to be at a loss (for)
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind (in a race, one's studies, etc.); to lag behind; to be bereaved of; to be preceded by (someone) in death
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; I feel regretful; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
various; a variety of; variously; in various ways; various things; this and that
cooperation; collaboration; help; support
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to be saved; to be rescued; to escape harm; to be spared damage; to be helped; to be saved trouble
thank you; thanks; much (thanks); very (sorry); quite; really; somehow
it's nothing; don't mention it; no thanks necessary
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
arrangement; pact; agreement
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
our country; our land; one's own country