expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryō period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
Saint; St.; S.; sacred; holy; pure
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
miraculous medicine; miracle drug; wonder drug
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
pluralizing suffix; or so; rough indicator of direction, location, amount, etc.; nominalizing suffix
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
good; OK; all right; fine; very well; will do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
name; given name; first name
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
rudeness; impoliteness; discourtesy; insolence
plain; plateau; tableland
pardon; forgiveness; tolerance; leniency; mercy; going easy (on someone)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
notebook; memo pad; certificate; identification card
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
(small) stone; rock; pebble
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
clue; lead; key; handhold; hold
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
serviceman; servicewoman; soldier; member of the armed forces; military personnel
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
called; known as; that; to say
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of