indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
warm; mild; (pleasantly) hot; considerate; kind; genial
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
by no means; never!; certainly (not); surely (not); something unexpected; emergency
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be seen; to be visible; to look; to seem; to come
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
he; she; that guy; that; that one; that thing
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; intention; mind; mood
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
so; therefore; for that reason; if so; if that is the case; in that case
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to notice; to realize; to realise; to regain consciousness; to come to (one's senses); to come round
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
now; the present time; just now; another; more
surrender; capitulation; submission; yield
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
else; in addition; besides
people; men and women; each person; everybody
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to rescue (someone); to save; to help (out of a difficulty); to save (spiritually); to redeem (from sin); to deliver (from suffering, distress, etc.)
have to (do, be); must (do, be); is indispensable; is absolutely necessary
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
force; unit; corps; squad; troops; party
attack; assault; criticism; censure; cyber attack (e.g. DDoS)
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving