indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
head; chief; boss; leader
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
girl (usu. between 7 and 17); young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryō period)
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
while; during; while; although; all; both
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
finally; in the end; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
to use up all one's strength; to die
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to place on (something); to give (someone) a ride; to give a lift; to load (luggage); to carry; to send out (on the airwaves, etc.); to deceive
as (it is); remaining (in a state); with (e.g. one's eyes closed, the light on); while (e.g. standing, alive); as (one pleases, one is told, etc.); according to
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; pile of 3 cards of the same value in oicho-kabu
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to wake up; to awake; to perk up; to awaken (to the truth, etc.); to come to a realization; to come to one's senses
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
considerably; fairly; quite; rather; pretty
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
soon; before long; slowly; quietly; already; about time
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
come (on); come now; all right; right; well; hmm
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)