indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
black; black stone; guilt; guilty person
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to employ; to have (on one's staff)
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
missing (of a person); lost; unaccounted for; whereabouts unknown
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
acting as agent; acting on (someone's) behalf; executing business for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to get stuck with (some job); to end up with (something unpleasant)
is that so?; I see; right; oh
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
hey!; say!; I say!; I; me
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
treatment; service; handling (of a machine, tool, etc.); operation; treating as; treating like