Honnōji Incident (forced suicide of daimyo Oda Nobunaga by his samurai general Akechi Mitsuhide; June 21, 1582)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
rebellion; revolt; insurrection; treason
by means of; due to; because of; according to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
flame; blaze; flames (of intense emotion, e.g. love, jealousy, anger); passion
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to disappear; to vanish; to go out (of a fire, light, etc.); to die; to fade (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to vanish (e.g. of hope); to go away (e.g. of a smell, itchiness, sleepiness)
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
great ruler; noble monarch; deified sovereign; posthumous title for Tokugawa Ieyasu
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543.1.31-1616.6.1), Shougun 1603-1605
public affair; government matter; duke; prince; Sir; Lord
Kinai (the five provinces in the immediate vicinity of Kyoto)
at; in; at; when; by; with
biggest; greatest; largest; maximum
to be caught in a dilemma; to get into a scrape
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
assistance; backing; reinforcements
Mikawa (former province located in the east of present-day Aichi Prefecture)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to pull out; to draw out; to omit; to leave out; to do to the end; to do thoroughly; to let out (e.g. air from a tyre)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
Iga (former province located in the west of present-day Mie Prefecture)
squirrel's foot fern (Davallia mariesii); Lepisorus thunbergianus (species of fern); color of clothing layers under one's overcoat (light green on blue); shinobu-wake (Edo-period women's hairstyle); clothing patterned using squirrel's foot fern
what is called; what they call; so-called
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
merit; success; meritorious deed; achievement; accumulated experience
to employ (as a retainer); to enlist; to engage
now; the present time; just now; another; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
spy working for the Edo shogunate; oniwaban
great numbers (of people); numerical superiority; masses; people; folk; clique
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
family positioned to accede to the shogunate
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)