indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to destroy; to overthrow; to wreck; to ruin
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
idiot; moron; stupid; foolish; trivial; insignificant; malfunctioning
to go mad; to lose one's mind; to get out of order; to go amiss; to go wrong (of a plan or expectation, etc.); to fall through
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
wish; desire; hope; prospect; expectation; (one's) hopes
the old days; the past; former times; the past ten years; the past decade
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
consistency; coherence; one kan (approx. 3.75 kg); one piece of sushi
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
why; how; for what reason
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to obey (an order, law, etc.); to abide by (a rule, custom, etc.); to follow (a person); to accompany; to go alongside (e.g. a river); to follow (e.g. a sign)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to pledge allegiance; to swear an oath of allegiance; to take an oath of allegiance
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
trivial; not amounting to much
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
because; as; since; because of that; therefore; accordingly
weapon; arms; ordnance; weapon (something used to gain an advantage); asset
pause; interval; distance; range; suitable time; appropriate opportunity
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
to leave (a matter, decision, etc. to someone); to entrust (to someone); to leave (to chance, one's imagination, etc.); to let (take its own course); to use (money, strength, spare time, etc.) to the full; to use freely
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of