indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
opponent; adversary; the competition; the other side; one's enemy
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to lose; to be defeated; to give in (to); to yield; to be inferior (to); to be second (to)
loss; defeat; counter for losses
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
in the same way; like; likewise; similarly
end; ending; close; end of (one's) life; death
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
versus; against; to (e.g. score of 4 to 2, ratio of 3 to 1, vote of 320 to 180); toward ...; to ...; equal footing
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
higher rank; better position
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
in the first place; to begin with; after all; anyway; beginning; start
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
to stand (something) up; to put upright; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to let out; to raise (a cloud of dust, smoke, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
first of all; at once; for now; for the time being; anyway; at least
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
speaking of ...; when it comes to ...; as for ...; if one were to say ...
keyman; key person (e.g. of a company)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
two persons; two people; pair; couple
brothers and sisters; siblings; half-siblings; step-siblings; mate; friend
satisfaction; pride; one's strong point; one's forte; regular customer; regular client
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to lead; to spearhead (a group); to command (troops)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point