indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
treasurer's report; financial report
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
fixed period; fixed term; regular; periodic; fixed-term commuter pass; fixed-term deposit
major cleanup; spring cleaning
place; location; room; space; sumo tournament
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
suffix for familiar person
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
kindergarten (in Japan, non-compulsory education from age 3 until primary school); preschool
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
already; previously; before; undeniably; unmistakably
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to calm down; to compose oneself; to calm down; to settle down; to settle down (in a location, job, etc.); to settle in; to be settled (of an arrangement, conclusion, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
library (usu. single-room); small library
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
president (of a society); chairman
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances