pluralizing suffix; or so; rough indicator of direction, location, amount, etc.; nominalizing suffix
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to lick; to lap; to taste; to experience (esp. a hardship); to underestimate; to make light of
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to ill-treat; to bully; to torment; to be tough on (e.g. one's body); to treat harshly
to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to differ (from); to be different; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to become abnormal; to go wrong
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
absolutely; definitely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
friend; ally; supporter; taking sides (with); supporting; standing by
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
queen; female monarch; queen consort; consort of a king; queen; princess
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
telephone call; telephone (device)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
knock; knocking; fungo hitting; hitting balls for fielding practice; tap; click (e.g. of a retractable pen or mechanical pencil)
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
sorry; excuse me; thank you
punishment (of children); spanking; smacking; criminal punishment (esp. execution; Edo period)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; used for soft emphasis or to soften a statement or request; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.