why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
reason; grounds; pretext; excuse; motive
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
it does not mean that ...; I don't mean that ...; it is not the case that
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
prison guard; warder; jailer; gaoler
stone; rock; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); (round) game piece
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to differ (from); to be different; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to become abnormal; to go wrong
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
there's no (other) way; cannot be helped; unavoidable; it's no use (doing); pointless; hopeless (person)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
all; altogether; entirely; exactly alike (e.g. in appearance); spitting image of; identical
quiet; silent; slow; unhurried; calm; peaceful
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
settlement; solution; resolution
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
fight; dispute; feud; competition; contest; rivalry
useless; futile; unnecessary; needless; not on business; unrelated
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker