before; prior to; ago; the past; before; previously
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
awfully; frightfully; desperately; violently; unduly; extremely
taking over (e.g. store or family's headship); subrogation; substitution of one person for another (usu. a creditor)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
sky; heaven; God; svarga (heaven-like realm visited as a stage of death and rebirth); deva (divine being of Buddhism); top (of a book); sole (of a Japanese sandal)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to throw into disorder; to disarrange; to disturb (order, peace, etc.); to corrupt (public morals); to dishevel (hair)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
puppet; marionette; puppet (person, organization, government, etc.); figurehead; (arch.) prostitute
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
corresponding to (in meaning, function, etc.); being equivalent to; appropriate; suitable; to be proportionate to; to be in keeping with
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
sacred treasure; the three sacred treasures (sword, jewel, mirror); implement used in religious ceremonies
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
majority; more than half; most (of); mostly; largely; mainly
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
god of fortune; god of wealth
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
raising (of animals); rearing; keeping; domesticated; domestic; pet
above; over; top; summit; surface; on (top of); the above (in a piece of writing)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style; one Buddhist image
why; how; for what reason
what kind of; whatever sort of; no matter what; however much
reason; grounds; pretext; excuse; motive
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to grow wild; to run to waste; to become rough (of art, craft, etc.); to lose refinement; to intensify (of wind, rain, etc.); to become more severe
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
already; now; no longer; not any more
not a moment to waste; there is no time to lose; cannot wait any longer
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except