this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be too numerous; to be too much
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
at the same time as; while; as well as (multiple roles)
door; gate; opening; title page
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
touching a wrong card (in karuta); buzzing too early (in a quiz); making a mistress of a servant; mistress (who is one's servant)
suicidal act; self-destroying action; suicidal action
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
as it is; as one likes; because; condition; state
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to wave; to shake; to sprinkle; to throw (dice); to cast (actor); to allocate (work); to turn down (somebody)
(committee) chairman; president
assimilation; absorption; adaptation; assimilation; anabolism; assimilation (phonology)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
vote; ballot; label; ticket; tag
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
dull (e.g. a knife); blunt; thickheaded; obtuse; dull (sound, color, etc.); dim (light)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...