indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
reproduction; duplication; reprinting
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
great war; great battle; world war
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to invite; to ask; to beckon; to wave someone in; to call in; to send for
great-grandfather; great-granddad; great-grandad
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
in itself; the thing itself; this itself; for its own sake; per se
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
famous sword; excellent sword
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to defend against; to protect against; to prevent; to avert; to avoid
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
surface; face (i.e. the visible side of an object); front (of a building, etc.); obverse side (i.e. "head") of a coin; outside; exterior; appearance
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
on the occasion of; circumstances; juncture
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
absolutely normal; perfectly commonplace; taken for granted
prevention; precaution; protection against
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
perhaps; maybe; perchance; by some chance; by any chance
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to devise; to arrange; to plan; to plot
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant
ability; competency; talent; skill; capacity
to surpass; to outstrip; to excel
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)