to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
superintendent; director; curator; chief librarian
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
record; minutes; record (e.g. in sports); results; to record; to document
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
about; roughly; generally; on the whole; completely; quite
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
selection (esp. from many people for an important job position); exceptional promotion
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to surpass; to outstrip; to excel
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
physical condition; state of health
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
deplorable; regrettable; disappointing; vexing; unfortunate
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
book; volume; this; present; main; head
important; momentous; essential; principal; major
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention