indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pin down; to hold down; to cover (esp. a part of one's body with one's hand); to clutch (a body part in pain); to get a hold of; to obtain; to grasp (a point)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
excluding; except (for); apart from; outside (a boundary, scope, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
resistance; opposition; reluctance; repulsion; resistance; drag
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to mind; to care about; to be an issue; to matter; to keep company; to care for; to interfere with
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
honorific/polite/humble prefix
fast; quick; early; soon; premature; too soon
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
escape; getting away (from); getting out (of); prolapse; proptosis
route; road; distance travelled in a day; one's ... (age, e.g. 40s, 60s)
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
as one would expect from ...; given that ... (naturally ...); precisely because ...; all the more because of ...; on account of ...; ... being what it is
to notify; to advise; (arch.) to know; (arch.) to reign; (arch.) to govern (a country)
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
people; citizens; subjects; folk
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to leave as is; to ignore
shamelessly; acting brazenly unaffected; being resigned to (disgrace)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to bear; to stand; to support; to withstand; to be fit for; to be equal to
please (give me); please (do for me)
Your Highness; His Highness; Her Highness
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to fall into (someone's) hands; to fall under someone's control; to become someone's property (e.g. of an object)
how; in what way; how about
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
repeatedly; over and over again; fully (e.g. understand); very much; very well
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
knowledge; awareness; acceptance; consent; forgiving; pardoning
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!