indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
time; hour; period; class
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
car; automobile; vehicle; wheel
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
half; semi-; half-past; odd number; (arch.) unit of land area (595.8 m^2)
eccentric; oddball; character; weirdo
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
deep in the mountains; mountain recesses
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
honest; frank; candid; honestly; frankly
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
remainder; remnant; (not) very; (not) much; too much; excessively
to recall; to remember; to recollect
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
how; in what way; how about
popular figure; person in demand; favorite; favourite
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
third day of the month; three days
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
fumi-e; fumie; tablet bearing Christian images, on which Edo-period authorities forced suspected Christians to trample; allegiance test; loyalty test
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
wait-and-see (situation, stance, etc.); waiting to see (how things play out); watching developments (before acting)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk