indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
large country; major nation; great power; province of the highest rank (ritsuryo system)
where; which; anyway; anyhow; sooner or later; eventually
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to entrust; to send (a message, etc.)
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
opening (a door, window, etc.); leaving open; opening up (e.g. to the public); allowing (public) access
people; men and women; each person; everybody
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
war renunciation; anti-war; bout cancelled due to absence of one of the wrestlers
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
regarding; in; to; towards; with regards to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
wonderful; splendid; magnificent
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)