indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
gap; space; break; interlude; chink (in one's armor, armour); chance
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
glittering; sparkling; glistening; twinkling
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
shopping; purchased goods
enjoyment; pleasure; diversion; anticipation; looking forward to
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
older sister; lass; young lady
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
easy; trifling; harmless; nothing of the sort; not at all