indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
excursion; field trip; school trip
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
terrible luck; very bad luck
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fortune slip (usu. bought at a shrine)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
indicates supposition; if ... then; when; (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation
to breathe out; to breathe; to tell (a lie); to use (foul language); to vomit; to throw up
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
finally; at last; ultimately; in the end
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
(in) dire straits; (in a) serious bind; (in a) big pinch
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
yearning; longing; aspiration; adoration; admiration
maiko; apprentice geisha; dancing girl
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
gotcha; alrighty; got it; OK
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
cooking, esp. frying or stir-frying; heating; tempering; -ware
kushikatsu; deep-fried skewered meat and vegetables
udon with deep-fried tofu
takoyaki; octopus dumplings
all; entire; whole; altogether
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
adds force or indicates command
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
weight training; muscle training
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
only; merely; but; no more than
sake cup; cup for alcoholic beverages; counter for cupfuls, bowlfuls, spoonfuls, etc.; counter for boats; counter for octopuses and squid; cup (in sports)