indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(I) will; (I) shall; let's; (I) wonder (if); might it be (that); hey
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hygienic; healthy; healthful; sanitary
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
quiz; short test; mini test
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
study; diligence; discount; reduction
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
soundly (sleeping); fast (asleep)
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
unflaggingly; steadily; untiringly; knocking; tapping; clicking
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
another time; some other time
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
perfectly; right on the mark; spot on; enough; sufficiently; thoroughly
bad (taste); unpalatable; poor; unskillful; ugly; unattractive
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for