indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
seed (e.g. of a plant); pip; material (e.g. for an article); matter (e.g. of a story); ingredient; leaven (bread); cause
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
safety; security; safely; without incident; good health; inaction
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
(physical) growth; development
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
reproduction; duplication; reprinting
deterioration; degradation; drop in quality; becoming unattractive (because of aging)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
long ago; already; a long time ago
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
pseudo; quasi; false; suspected (case, e.g. of disease)
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
to hold out (e.g. against an attack); to hang on; to withstand; to endure; to last
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
beat; palpitation; pulsation; throbbing
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest