indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
energy; energy; strength; energy source; energy resource; food energy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
regulation; adjustment; control
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
good (condition); going well; fine; smooth
good feeling; feeling good
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to pull; to draw; to string (lines); to run (cable); to pull towards oneself (e.g. someone's sleeve); to drag; to haul
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
there; over there; genitals; private parts; that far; that much
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
sure; no mistaking it; for certain; without doubt
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
huff!; yo-heave-ho!; heigh-ho; to butter up; to suck up to
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
indicates supposition; if ... then; when; (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
fox (esp. the red fox, Vulpes vulpes); fox (i.e. a sly person); soba or udon topped with deep-fried tofu; light brown; golden brown
to talk; to chat; to chatter
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
to shine; to glitter; to be bright
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor