than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
by no means; never!; certainly (not); surely (not); something unexpected; emergency
treachery; betrayal; perfidy
by means of; due to; because of; according to
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to herd; to drive; to corner; to force someone into doing; to go hard; to push yourself
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
activity (esp. energetic or successful); great efforts; active participation; walking about with great vigor
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
spicy; hot; salty; harsh (criticism); severe (punishment); painful
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to avoid misfortune; to escape danger
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
retreat; withdrawal; retirement
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
bad; wrong; must not (do, be); should not; useless; no good; hopeless
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
suffix for familiar person
attendant; person who looks after one's needs; caretaker
moat; fosse; canal; ditch
popular name; common name; nickname; alias
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to go; to come; to lose; to be defeated; to be stumped (by); to be at a loss; to visit (a shrine, grave, etc.)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
feigned ignorance; pretending not to know