than; from; out of; except; but; more
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
treachery; betrayal; perfidy
by means of; due to; because of; according to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to herd; to drive; to corner; to force someone into doing; to go hard; to push yourself
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
activity (esp. energetic); great efforts; conspicuous service; to flourish; to participate actively; to play an active role
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
spicy; hot; salty; harsh (criticism); severe (punishment); painful
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to avoid misfortune; to escape danger
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
retreat; withdrawal; retirement
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
suffix for familiar person
attendant; person who looks after one's needs; caretaker
moat; fosse; canal; ditch
popular name; common name; nickname; alias
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
Ōmi (former province located in present-day Shiga Prefecture)