truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; indeed; really
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
really; truly; very; extremely; exceedingly; sincerely
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
going to Kyoto; visiting Kyoto
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to accomplish; to achieve; to carry out; to do ... completely; to do ... entirely
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
public affair; government matter; duke; prince; Sir; Lord
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
how many years; how long; what year
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
to put in order; to arrange; to get ready; to prepare; to adjust; to regulate (e.g. rhythm, tune, one's breathing)
to be (animate); to be; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed; to (have the audacity to) do
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
a little; a few; small; only; just; merely
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
(within a) territory; domains
rather than; more ... than ...
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
absentmindedness; dreaminess; fool; blockhead; hollowness; emptiness
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
audience with someone of high rank (e.g. the emperor)
above; over; top; summit; surface; on (top of); the above (in a piece of writing)
long sword (as opposed to the shorter katana); tachi; sabre-like sword worn on the hip with the blade facing down
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
deceased; late; dead; departed