indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one more; another; the other; not quite; not very good
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
base (military, expedition, etc.)
town; city; municipal; urban
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
stone (of a fruit); pit; core (of an organization, team, etc.); nucleus; nuclear weapons; nucleus (of an atom); nucleus (of a cell)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
large quantity; massive (quantity); mass (e.g. mass production, mass transit, mass destruction)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to hit (e.g. one's head); to strike; to throw (e.g. a ball, a question, a demand); to express; to vent (e.g. one's anger)
course; route; course (of study); program; lane (in running, swimming, etc.); course (of action); policy
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
extinction; extinguishment; disappearance; annihilation
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
deep (colour); dark; strong (flavour, smell, etc.); thick (consistency); dense; strong (possibility, etc.)
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")