Japanese pronunciation of a kanji (based on adopted Chinese pronunciations)
 indicates sentence topic;  indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated);  adds emphasis
 federal government (e.g. USA, Australia, Mexico, Germany, Canada)
 indicates possessive;  nominalizes verbs and adjectives;  substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases;  (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion;  (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis;  (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
 local authority;  local government;  locality;  local self-governing body;  municipality
 -ical;  -ive;  -like;  -ish;  (something) like;  along the lines of
 treatment;  service;  handling (of a machine, tool, etc.);  operation;  treating as;  treating like
 movement;  move;  motion;  trend;  development;  change
 at (place, time);  in;  to (direction, state);  toward;  for (purpose);  because of (reason);  for
 hailing each other;  acting in concert;  responding (to);  agreement;  concord
 original;  unique;  distinctive;  independent;  one's own;  personal
 indicates direct object of action;  indicates subject of causative expression;  indicates an area traversed;  indicates time (period) over which action takes place;  indicates point of departure or separation of action;  indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
 start;  commencement;  beginning;  initiation
 that;  it;  then;  that point (in time); (arch.)  there; (arch.)  you
 pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
 to miss;  to overlook;  to let pass (a matter);  to overlook (e.g. a wrongdoing);  to pass up (e.g. an opportunity);  to let (a good ball) go by
 too;  also;  both A and B;  A as well as B;  even;  as much as
 to be interested in;  to take an interest in;  to care about
 thing;  matter;  incident;  occurrence;  circumstances;  situation;  work
 indicates sentence subject (occasionally object);  indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions);  but;  however;  regardless of;  whether (or not)
 nonexistent;  not being (there);  unowned;  not had;  unique;  not;  impossible
 from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity);  since;  from (originator);  by;  because;  since;  out of (constituent, part)
 course;  route;  course (of study);  program;  lane (in running, swimming, etc.);  course (of action);  policy
 clear;  clearing (a bar, hurdle, etc.);  overcoming;  getting through;  clearing (the ball);  clearing (e.g. a checked box)
 be;  is;  did;  (have) done;  please;  do
 preparation;  arrangements;  getting ready;  provision;  setup;  reserving
 good;  excellent;  fine;  nice;  pleasant;  agreeable
 party;  group;  crew;  company (of troops);  corps;  unit
 the present;  present time;  as of;  present tense;  this world;  this life
 ongoing;  in progress;  afoot
 comprehension;  consent;  understanding;  OK;  roger (on two-way radio)
 this;  this one;  this person;  now;  this point (in time);  here;  used to stress the subject of a sentence
 than;  from;  out of;  except;  but;  more
 part;  portion;  amount;  worth (as in "two days' worth");  one's means;  one's place;  one's duty
 opponent;  rival;  adversary;  menace;  danger;  threat
 if;  when;  and;  with;  used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.);  promoted pawn;  indicates a question
 plans;  arrangement;  schedule;  program;  programme;  expectation