indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(I) will; (I) shall; let's; (I) wonder (if); might it be (that); hey
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
garden pond; miniature lake; fountain
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
lateness; tardiness; arriving late
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
time; hour; period; class
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to raise; to raise up; to wake; to wake up; to cause; to bring about; to start
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
sleeping in late; oversleeping; late riser; sleepyhead
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
late at night; at a late hour
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
cartoon; comic; comic strip; manga
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to draw; to paint; to depict; to describe; to picture in one's mind; to imagine
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
than; from; out of; except; but; more
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
(a) little; somewhat; somehow
knowing; (an) acquaintance
washing; laundry; relaxing; taking a break
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for