indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
name; given name; first name
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
lover; sweetheart; boyfriend; girlfriend
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be troubled; to have difficulty; to be bothered; to be inconvenienced; to be badly off; to be hard up
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to associate with; to keep company with; to go out with; to go along with; to follow someone's lead; to accompany someone
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
beginning; outset; first; onset
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
travel; trip; journey; excursion; tour
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to get lost; to become lost; to go astray