here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
seventh month of the lunar calendar
educational institution; school; academy; campus
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
special; particular; peculiar; unique
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
introduction; bringing in; leading in; installation
school centred on preparing students to get into university; high-level school a person has entered
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
please (give me); please (do for me)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
summons; summonsing; citation; subpoena; arraigning; calling
war; fighting; fierce competition
cutting edge; leading edge; forefront; tip; end
technology; engineering; technique; skill; art; craft
implementation (e.g. of a system); materialization; materialisation; realization; realisation; actualization
by means of; due to; because of; according to
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
another; one more; not quite; not very good; lacking
results; record; grades; marks
successive promotion; gradual promotion; graduated
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
equipment; facilities; installation; accommodations; conveniences; arrangements
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to divide in two; to divide in half; to apportion; to divide among; to portion out
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
stage; step; level; rank; order; stairs
sharing; division; draw; tie
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
as one would expect; naturally; indeed; still; all the same; after all
difficult; hard; impossible; unfeasible; fussy; particular; gloomy