indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
now; the present time; just now; another; more
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
blow-drying; blow; punch; brow; blow; playing an instrument (esp. in jazz)
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to brace one's legs; to stand firm; to plant one's feet (firmly on the ground); to hold out; to persist; to make an effort
the place for; the time for; the level of
adds force or indicates command
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to use up; to exhaust; to devote oneself (to); to do one's utmost (for); to do to exhaustion; to do completely
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.