indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
radio (communication); wireless; not using wires
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
dragon (esp. a Chinese dragon); naga; semi-divine human-cobra chimera in Hindu and Buddhist mythology; promoted rook
going on ahead; forestalling; anticipating; arrival before another
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
inhabitant; resident; citizen; population
taking refuge; finding shelter; evacuation; escape; seeking safe haven
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
comprehension; consent; understanding; OK; roger (on two-way radio)
any more; any further; any better; any longer
(suffering) damage; injury; harm
to exert (influence); to exercise; to cause (e.g. damage); to do (e.g. harm); to bring about (e.g. benefits); to extend
cannot (due to external circumstances); cannot afford to; must not; impossible to; no way one can (do)