indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
revival; reconstruction; restoration; rebuilding; recovery; renaissance
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
should; must; -able; probably; likely
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
lock; padlock; tablet; lozenge; pill
fort; fortress; stronghold; fortification
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
immediate; prompt; quick; rapid; urgent; pressing
restoration; repair; mending
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
if that is the case; if it becomes so; when it becomes so
someone else's hands; someone else's possession; hand (worker); aide; labor; labour
goods; materials; commodities; resources; supplies
insufficiency; deficiency; shortage; dissatisfaction; discontent; complaint
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
time; hour; period; class
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very