indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to succeed; to relieve; to take the place of; to substitute for; to be exchanged; to change (places with)
to apply for; to make an application; to propose (marriage); to offer (mediation); to make an overture (of peace); to challenge
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
to ask; to inquire; to blame (someone) for; to accuse of; to care about; to regard as important
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
spirit; soul; drive; vigor; vigour
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
still; much more; (not) yet; still a long way to go; still a long way off; not there yet
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
abdomen; belly; womb; one's mind; one's real intentions; courage; nerve
space; room; vacancy; opening; free time; time to spare
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to betray; to turn traitor to; to double-cross
difficult to understand; unintelligible; abstruse