indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
beyond; across; the other side; the distance
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
original; unique; distinctive; independent; one's own; personal
to make progress; to develop; to evolve (method, style, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
by the way; incidentally; sometimes; occasionally; precisely (at that time); exactly
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
accession to the throne; enthronement
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
that is to say; that is; in short; in brief; clogging; obstruction; shrinkage
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at that time; in those days; at that moment; then
jūbako; multi-tiered food box; heavy; serious; extreme; -fold
clothing; dressing; binding (of a book)
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation